As developing countries like India and China expand their production of genetically modified crops, engineered for traits like natural pest resistance or tolerance of herbicides, farmers are seeing costs rise. Crop biotechnology companies like Monsanto already charge a premium on their seeds to defray the cost of research. But in India, where agriculture consists mainly of small farms, a complex web of inadequate crop management, regulatory barriers, and increasing weed and pest resistance has pushed the costs for farmers even higher. And, despite rosy claims, the genetically modified seed industry has left little option for India's cotton farmers but to buy their expensive seeds and fertilizers.